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Introduction & List of Experiments
1. Introduction
The crucial role of experiments in school science curriculum is universally accepted.
A good science curriculum must not only give balanced emphasis to both theory and experiments but also integrate these two essential and complementary aspects of science in the teaching-learning process. Modern science, as we all know, is the result of a creative interplay of experiments, observations and theoretical inference.
There are several ways in which experiments facilitate and improve the learning of science.
First and foremost, experiments help students develop the right perspective of science, namely that science is not just a theoretical abstraction – it is an attempt to describe the working of the real world around us. A hypothesis or idea in science is acceptable only if observations and experiments confirm it.
Second, experiments are among the most effective ways to generate interest in science. For many students, an apparently ‘dry’, ‘uninteresting’ fact of a theory textbook can become live and exciting when translated into an experiment.
Third, experiments promote the basic skills and competencies of doing science: procedural and manipulative skills, observation skills, skills of representing and interpreting data and the accompanying conceptual and critical abilities. For these various reasons, promoting activity and experiment based learning has been at the heart of many efforts aimed at improving science education in our country.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (Class X)
1. To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator.
i) Dilute Hydrochloric acid
ii) Dilute NaOH solution
iii) Dilute Ethanoic acid solution
iv) Lemon juice
v) Water
vi) Dilute Sodium Bicarbonate Solution.
2. To study the properties of acids and bases (dilute HC1 & dilute NaOH) by their reaction with
i) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
ii) Zinc metal
iii) Solid Sodium Cabonate
3. To determine the focal length of a
a Concave mirror
b Convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
4. To trace the path of a ray of light, passing through a rectangular glass slab, for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the results.
5. To study the dependence of current (I) on the potential difference (V) across a resistor and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I.
6. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.
7. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.
8. To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
9. To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis.
10. To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
11. To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
12. To determine the percentage of water absorbed by raisins.13. To prepare SO2 gas, observe its following properties and draw inferences in respect of
i) odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus paper
iv) action on acidified potassium dichromate solution.
13. To prepare SO2 gas, observe its following properties and draw inferences in respect of
i) odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus paper
iv) action on acidified potassium dichromate solution.
14. a) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions.
i) ZnSO4 (aq.)
ii) FeSO4 (aq.)
iii) CuSO4 (aq.)
iv) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq.)
b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the
above result.
15. To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):
i) odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus
iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate | 
